Skaffold
Skaffold is a command line tool that facilitates continuous development for container based & Kubernetes applications. Skaffold handles the workflow for building, pushing, and deploying your application, and provides building blocks for creating CI/CD pipelines. This enables you to focus on iterating on your application locally while Skaffold continuously deploys to your local or remote Kubernetes cluster, local Docker environment or Cloud Run project.
Skaffold handles the workflow for building, pushing and deploying your application, allowing you to focus on what matters most: writing code.
An open source project from Google.
Skaffold is client-side only. With no on-cluster component, there is no overhead or maintenance burden to your cluster.
Skaffold is the easiest way to share your project with the world: ‘git clone’, then ‘skaffold run’.
Additionally, you can use profiles, local user config, environment variables, and flags to easily incorporate differences across environments. Skaffold has many essential features for container & Kubernetes development, including policy-based image tagging, resource port-forwarding and logging, file syncing, and much more.
Use skaffold init to bootstrap your Skaffold config.
Use skaffold dev to automatically build and deploy your application when your code changes.
Use skaffold build and skaffold test to tag, push, and test your container images.
Use skaffold render and skaffold apply to generate and deploy Kubernetes manifests as part of a GitOps workflow
Install Skaffold
(base) pradeep:~$curl -Lo skaffold https://storage.googleapis.com/skaffold/releases/latest/skaffold-darwin-amd64 && \
sudo install skaffold /usr/local/bin/
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 83.6M 100 83.6M 0 0 5627k 0 0:00:15 0:00:15 --:--:-- 5822k
Password:
(base) pradeep:~$
Install Minikube
(base) pradeep:~$curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-darwin-amd64
sudo install minikube-darwin-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 93.4M 100 93.4M 0 0 7119k 0 0:00:13 0:00:13 --:--:-- 8250k
(base) pradeep:~$
Install Kubectl
(base) pradeep:~$curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl"
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 138 100 138 0 0 454 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 453
100 50.1M 100 50.1M 0 0 1503k 0 0:00:34 0:00:34 --:--:-- 1703k
(base) pradeep:~$
This tutorial uses minikube because Skaffold knows how to build the app using the Docker daemon hosted inside minikube. This means we don’t need a registry to host the app’s container images.
Clone the sample app
Let’s get a sample application set up to use Skaffold.
- Clone the Skaffold repository:
(base) pradeep:~$cd Downloads
(base) pradeep:~$git clone https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/skaffold
Cloning into 'skaffold'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 145142, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (6392/6392), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3712/3712), done.
remote: Total 145142 (delta 2751), reused 5818 (delta 2299), pack-reused 138750
Receiving objects: 100% (145142/145142), 140.46 MiB | 7.93 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (90066/90066), done.
Updating files: 100% (13229/13229), done.
(base) pradeep:~$cd skaffold/examples/buildpacks-node-tutorial
(base) pradeep:~$
Initialize Skaffold
Your working directory is the application directory, skaffold/examples/buildpacks-node-tutorial. This will be our root Skaffold directory.
This sample application is written in Node, but Skaffold is language-agnostic and works with any containerized application.
Bootstrap Skaffold configuration
Run the following command to generate a skaffold.yaml config file:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold init
WARN[0000] Skipping Jib: no JVM: [java -version] failed: exit status 1 subtask=-1 task=DevLoop
? Choose the builder to build image skaffold-buildpacks-node Buildpacks (package.json)
? Which builders would you like to create kubernetes resources for?
apiVersion: skaffold/v4beta10
kind: Config
metadata:
name: buildpacks-node-tutorial
build:
artifacts:
- image: skaffold-buildpacks-node
buildpacks:
builder: gcr.io/buildpacks/builder:v1
manifests:
rawYaml:
- k8s/web.yaml
? Do you want to write this configuration to skaffold.yaml? Yes
Configuration skaffold.yaml was written
You can now run [skaffold build] to build the artifacts
or [skaffold run] to build and deploy
or [skaffold dev] to enter development mode, with auto-redeploy
(base) pradeep:~$
Open your new skaffold.yaml, generated at skaffold/examples/buildpacks-node-tutorial/skaffold.yaml. All of your Skaffold configuration lives in this file.
(base) pradeep:~$ls
README.md k8s package.json project.toml public skaffold.yaml src
(base) pradeep:~$cat skaffold.yaml
apiVersion: skaffold/v4beta10
kind: Config
metadata:
name: buildpacks-node-tutorial
build:
artifacts:
- image: skaffold-buildpacks-node
buildpacks:
builder: gcr.io/buildpacks/builder:v1
manifests:
rawYaml:
- k8s/web.yaml
(base) pradeep:~$
Use Skaffold for continuous development
Skaffold speeds up your development loop by automatically building and deploying the application whenever your code changes.
Start minikube
To see this in action, let’s start up minikube so Skaffold has a cluster to run your application.
(base) pradeep:~$minikube start --profile custom
skaffold config set --global local-cluster true
eval $(minikube -p custom docker-env)
😄 [custom] minikube v1.33.0 on Darwin 14.3
✨ Automatically selected the hyperkit driver. Other choices: virtualbox, ssh
💿 Downloading VM boot image ...
> minikube-v1.33.0-amd64.iso....: 65 B / 65 B [---------] 100.00% ? p/s 0s
> minikube-v1.33.0-amd64.iso: 314.16 MiB / 314.16 MiB 100.00% 9.20 MiB p/
👍 Starting "custom" primary control-plane node in "custom" cluster
💾 Downloading Kubernetes v1.30.0 preload ...
> preloaded-images-k8s-v18-v1...: 342.90 MiB / 342.90 MiB 100.00% 4.97 Mi
🔥 Creating hyperkit VM (CPUs=2, Memory=2200MB, Disk=20000MB) ...
🐳 Preparing Kubernetes v1.30.0 on Docker 26.0.1 ...
▪ Generating certificates and keys ...
▪ Booting up control plane ...
▪ Configuring RBAC rules ...
🔗 Configuring bridge CNI (Container Networking Interface) ...
🔎 Verifying Kubernetes components...
▪ Using image gcr.io/k8s-minikube/storage-provisioner:v5
🌟 Enabled addons: default-storageclass, storage-provisioner
❗ /usr/local/bin/kubectl is version 1.22.5, which may have incompatibilities with Kubernetes 1.30.0.
▪ Want kubectl v1.30.0? Try 'minikube kubectl -- get pods -A'
🏄 Done! kubectl is now configured to use "custom" cluster and "default" namespace by default
set global value local-cluster to true
(base) pradeep:~$
Use skaffold dev
Run the following command to begin using Skaffold for continuous development:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold dev
Generating tags...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:v2.11.1-22-g0ffd37362-dirty
Checking cache...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node: Not found. Building
Starting build...
Found [custom] context, using local docker daemon.
Building [skaffold-buildpacks-node]...
Target platforms: [linux/amd64]
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===> RESTORING
[restorer] Timer: Restorer started at 2024-05-10T05:57:01Z
[restorer] Timer: Restorer ran for 1.31471ms and ended at 2024-05-10T05:57:01Z
===> BUILDING
[builder] Timer: Builder started at 2024-05-10T05:57:01Z
[builder] === Node.js - Runtime (google.nodejs.runtime@1.0.0) ===
[builder] Using runtime version from GOOGLE_RUNTIME_VERSION: 14.3.0
[builder] ***** CACHE MISS: "nodejs"
[builder] Installing Node.js v14.3.0.
[builder] 2024/05/10 05:57:01 [DEBUG] GET https://dl.google.com/runtimes/ubuntu1804/nodejs/nodejs-14.3.0.tar.gz
[builder] === Node.js - Npm (google.nodejs.npm@1.1.0) ===
[builder] Generating package-lock.json.
[builder] WARNING: *** Improve build performance by generating and committing package-lock.json.
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet"
[builder] npm WARN backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] added 64 packages and audited 64 packages in 2.904s
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet" (4.239193553s)
[builder] ***** CACHE MISS: "npm_modules"
[builder] Installing application dependencies.
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm ci --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)"
[builder] added 64 packages in 0.858s
[builder] Done "npm ci --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)" (1.983429971s)
[builder] ***** CACHE MISS: "watchexec"
[builder] Installing watchexec v1.12.0
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "bash -c curl --fail --show-error --silent --location --retry 3 https://github.com/watchexec/watchexec/releases/download/1.12.0/watchexec-1.12.0-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.xz | tar xJ --directory /layers/google.nodejs.npm/watchexec/bin --strip-components=1 --wildcards \"*watchexec\""
[builder] Done "bash -c curl --fail --show-error --silent --location --retry..." (1.967011907s)
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] === Utils - Label Image (google.utils.label-image@0.0.2) ===
[builder] Timer: Builder ran for 13.170213198s and ended at 2024-05-10T05:57:14Z
===> EXPORTING
[exporter] Timer: Exporter started at 2024-05-10T05:57:15Z
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:env'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launch.sbom'
[exporter] Adding 1/1 app layer(s)
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launcher'
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:config'
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:process-types'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.lifecycle.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.build.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.project.metadata'
[exporter] Setting default process type 'web'
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... started at 2024-05-10T05:57:20Z
[exporter] *** Images (8ee880df933d):
[exporter] skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... ran for 7.187477258s and ended at 2024-05-10T05:57:28Z
[exporter] Timer: Exporter ran for 12.344991689s and ended at 2024-05-10T05:57:28Z
[exporter] Timer: Cache started at 2024-05-10T05:57:28Z
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules'
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Timer: Cache ran for 1.083789381s and ended at 2024-05-10T05:57:29Z
Build [skaffold-buildpacks-node] succeeded
Tags used in deployment:
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:8ee880df933d52ae4b7c4e65c1deded58153e237d29ab5682dbc89af83ba0f72
Starting deploy...
- service/web created
- deployment.apps/web created
Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
- deployment/web is ready.
Deployments stabilized in 3.189 seconds
Listing files to watch...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node
Press Ctrl+C to exit
Watching for changes...
[web]
[web] > backend@1.0.0 start /workspace
[web] > node src/index.js
[web]
[web] Example app listening on port 3000!
Notice how Skaffold automatically builds and deploys your application. You should see the following application output in your terminal:
To browse to the web page, open a new terminal and run:
minikube tunnel -p custom
(base) pradeep:~$minikube tunnel -p custom
Password:
Status:
machine: custom
pid: 43954
route: 10.96.0.0/12 -> 172.16.30.17
minikube: Running
services: [web]
errors:
minikube: no errors
router: no errors
loadbalancer emulator: no errors
Now open your browser at http://localhost:3000. This displays the content of public/index.html file.
Skaffold is now watching for any file changes, and will rebuild your application automatically. Let’s see this in action
Open skaffold/examples/buildpacks-node-tutorial/src/index.js and change line 10 to the following:
app.listen(port, () => console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}! This is version 2.`))
Notice how Skaffold automatically hot reloads your code changes to your application running in minikube, intelligently syncing only the file you changed. Your application is now automatically deployed with the changes you made, as it prints the following to your terminal:
Generating tags...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:v2.11.1-22-g0ffd37362-dirty
Checking cache...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node: Not found. Building
Starting build...
Found [custom] context, using local docker daemon.
Building [skaffold-buildpacks-node]...
Target platforms: [linux/amd64]
===> ANALYZING
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer started at 2024-05-10T06:02:50Z
[analyzer] Restoring data for SBOM from previous image
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer ran for 15.289293ms and ended at 2024-05-10T06:02:50Z
===> DETECTING
[detector] Timer: Detector started at 2024-05-10T06:02:54Z
[detector] 3 of 5 buildpacks participating
[detector] google.nodejs.runtime 1.0.0
[detector] google.nodejs.npm 1.1.0
[detector] google.utils.label-image 0.0.2
[detector] Timer: Detector ran for 5.474599861s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:02:59Z
===> RESTORING
[restorer] Timer: Restorer started at 2024-05-10T06:03:04Z
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from cache
[restorer] Timer: Restorer ran for 8.613737167s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:03:13Z
===> BUILDING
[builder] Timer: Builder started at 2024-05-10T06:03:18Z
[builder] === Node.js - Runtime (google.nodejs.runtime@1.0.0) ===
[builder] Using runtime version from GOOGLE_RUNTIME_VERSION: 14.3.0
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "nodejs"
[builder] Node.js v14.3.0 cache hit, skipping installation.
[builder] === Node.js - Npm (google.nodejs.npm@1.1.0) ===
[builder] Generating package-lock.json.
[builder] WARNING: *** Improve build performance by generating and committing package-lock.json.
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet"
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] added 64 packages and audited 64 packages in 11.18s
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet" (14.969561393s)
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "npm_modules"
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)"
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] audited 64 packages in 7.983s
[builder]
[builder] 12 packages are looking for funding
[builder] run `npm fund` for details
[builder]
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)" (13.547369034s)
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "watchexec"
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Timer: Builder ran for 29.67495216s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:03:47Z
[builder] === Utils - Label Image (google.utils.label-image@0.0.2) ===
===> EXPORTING
[exporter] Timer: Exporter started at 2024-05-10T06:03:55Z
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:env'
[exporter] Adding layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launch.sbom'
[exporter] Adding 1/1 app layer(s)
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launcher'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:config'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:process-types'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.lifecycle.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.build.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.project.metadata'
[exporter] Setting default process type 'web'
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... started at 2024-05-10T06:04:21Z
[exporter] *** Images (6dac0eb6fb77):
[exporter] skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... ran for 47.23599526s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:05:08Z
[exporter] Timer: Exporter ran for 1m13.269224649s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:05:08Z
[exporter] Timer: Cache started at 2024-05-10T06:05:08Z
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules'
[exporter] Adding cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Timer: Cache ran for 5.62498726s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:05:14Z
Build [skaffold-buildpacks-node] succeeded
Tags used in deployment:
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:6dac0eb6fb770d4b206b0b75e398c74c64db9e23a4161e45775752e7f4be6c60
Starting deploy...
- deployment.apps/web configured
Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
- deployment/web: creating container web
- pod/web-859456b759-9qm2x: creating container web
- deployment/web: waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
- deployment/web is ready.
Deployments stabilized in 23.002 seconds
Watching for changes...
Generating tags...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:v2.11.1-22-g0ffd37362-dirty
Checking cache...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node: Not found. Building
Starting build...
Found [custom] context, using local docker daemon.
Building [skaffold-buildpacks-node]...
Target platforms: [linux/amd64]
===> ANALYZING
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer started at 2024-05-10T06:05:53Z
[analyzer] Restoring data for SBOM from previous image
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer ran for 43.015804ms and ended at 2024-05-10T06:05:53Z
===> DETECTING
[detector] Timer: Detector started at 2024-05-10T06:05:58Z
[detector] 3 of 5 buildpacks participating
[detector] google.nodejs.runtime 1.0.0
[detector] google.nodejs.npm 1.1.0
[detector] google.utils.label-image 0.0.2
[detector] Timer: Detector ran for 4.403171167s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:06:03Z
===> RESTORING
[restorer] Timer: Restorer started at 2024-05-10T06:06:08Z
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from cache
[restorer] Timer: Restorer ran for 5.686630984s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:06:13Z
===> BUILDING
[builder] Timer: Builder started at 2024-05-10T06:06:20Z
[builder] === Node.js - Runtime (google.nodejs.runtime@1.0.0) ===
[builder] Using runtime version from GOOGLE_RUNTIME_VERSION: 14.3.0
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "nodejs"
[builder] Node.js v14.3.0 cache hit, skipping installation.
[builder] === Node.js - Npm (google.nodejs.npm@1.1.0) ===
[builder] Generating package-lock.json.
[builder] WARNING: *** Improve build performance by generating and committing package-lock.json.
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet"
[builder] npm
[builder] WARN backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] added 64 packages and audited 64 packages in 9.11s
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet" (12.702616329s)
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "npm_modules"
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)"
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] audited 64 packages in 3.625s
[builder]
[builder] 12 packages are looking for funding
[builder] run `npm fund` for details
[builder]
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)" (6.755755618s)
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "watchexec"
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
[builder] === Utils - Label Image (google.utils.label-image@0.0.2) ===
[builder] Timer: Builder ran for 20.348534652s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:06:41Z
===> EXPORTING
[exporter] Timer: Exporter started at 2024-05-10T06:06:44Z
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.npm:env'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launch.sbom'
[exporter] Adding 1/1 app layer(s)
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launcher'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:config'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:process-types'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.lifecycle.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.build.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.project.metadata'
[exporter] Setting default process type 'web'
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... started at 2024-05-10T06:06:54Z
[exporter] *** Images (6a1d675a2599):
[exporter] skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... ran for 5.525890575s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:07:00Z
[exporter] Timer: Exporter ran for 16.146054355s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:07:00Z
[exporter] Timer: Cache started at 2024-05-10T06:07:00Z
[exporter] Reusing cache layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Reusing cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules'
[exporter] Reusing cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:watchexec'
[exporter] Timer: Cache ran for 979.224159ms and ended at 2024-05-10T06:07:01Z
Build [skaffold-buildpacks-node] succeeded
Tags used in deployment:
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:6a1d675a25999fad25269aa055e59092a5365170b27f412035f27677e8c8d81a
Starting deploy...
- deployment.apps/web configured
Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
- deployment/web: creating container web
- pod/web-7bc77bb876-swlz4: creating container web
- deployment/web is ready.
Deployments stabilized in 6.351 seconds
Watching for changes...
[web]
[web] > backend@1.0.0 start /workspace
[web] > node src/index.js
[web]
[web] Example app listening on port 3000! This is version 2.
Exit dev mode
Let’s stop continuous dev mode by pressing the following keys in your terminal:
[web] Example app listening on port 3000! This is version 2.
^CCleaning up...
- service "web" deleted
- deployment.apps "web" deleted
Help improve Skaffold with our 2-minute anonymous survey: run 'skaffold survey'
To help improve the quality of this product, we collect anonymized usage data for details on what is tracked and how we use this data visit <https://skaffold.dev/docs/resources/telemetry/>. This data is handled in accordance with our privacy policy <https://policies.google.com/privacy>
You may choose to opt out of this collection by running the following command:
skaffold config set --global collect-metrics false
(base) pradeep:~$
Skaffold will clean up all deployed artifacts and end dev mode.
Use Skaffold for continuous integration
While Skaffold shines for continuous development, it can also be used for continuous integration (CI). Let’s use Skaffold to build and test a container image.
Build an image
Your CI pipelines can run skaffold build to build, tag, and push your container images to a registry.
(base) pradeep:~$export STATE=$(git rev-list -1 HEAD --abbrev-commit)
skaffold build --file-output build-$STATE.json
Generating tags...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:v2.11.1-22-g0ffd37362-dirty
Checking cache...
- skaffold-buildpacks-node: Not found. Building
Starting build...
Found [custom] context, using local docker daemon.
Building [skaffold-buildpacks-node]...
v1: Pulling from buildpacks/builder
Digest: sha256:76bedb4c2b82d4f086a398f39bafb7dec6a2e9c0484bb951efa5832aaa9db0a4
Status: Image is up to date for gcr.io/buildpacks/builder:v1
v1: Pulling from buildpacks/gcp/run
Digest: sha256:af071306ff95d9e79dd7e4d9513add7cb7a6e162752cc96ee3344188f1bf264e
Status: Image is up to date for gcr.io/buildpacks/gcp/run:v1
0.17.4: Pulling from buildpacksio/lifecycle
Digest: sha256:83f2d6ff5ef9e08e90565f0a00753490c53a8eab76a27483b68e491e776fdbd8
Status: Image is up to date for buildpacksio/lifecycle:0.17.4
===> ANALYZING
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer started at 2024-05-10T06:16:52Z
[analyzer] Restoring data for SBOM from previous image
[analyzer] Timer: Analyzer ran for 4.005618ms and ended at 2024-05-10T06:16:52Z
===> DETECTING
[detector] Timer: Detector started at 2024-05-10T06:16:53Z
[detector] 3 of 5 buildpacks participating
[detector] google.nodejs.runtime 1.0.0
[detector] google.nodejs.npm 1.1.0
[detector] google.utils.label-image 0.0.2
[detector] Timer: Detector ran for 1.624693065s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:16:54Z
===> RESTORING
[restorer] Timer: Restorer started at 2024-05-10T06:16:55Z
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:devmode_scripts" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from app image
[restorer] Restoring metadata for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.runtime:node" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules" from cache
[restorer] Restoring data for "google.nodejs.npm:watchexec" from cache
[restorer] Timer: Restorer ran for 1.300893037s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:16:56Z
===> BUILDING
[builder] Timer: Builder started at 2024-05-10T06:16:57Z
[builder] === Node.js - Runtime (google.nodejs.runtime@1.0.0) ===
[builder] Using runtime version from GOOGLE_RUNTIME_VERSION: 14.3.0
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "nodejs"
[builder] Node.js v14.3.0 cache hit, skipping installation.
[builder] === Node.js - Npm (google.nodejs.npm@1.1.0) ===
[builder] Generating package-lock.json.
[builder] WARNING: *** Improve build performance by generating and committing package-lock.json.
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet"
[builder] npm WARN backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm WARN backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] added 64 packages and audited 64 packages in 3.516s
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --package-lock-only --quiet" (5.314596693s)
[builder] ***** CACHE HIT: "npm_modules"
[builder] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[builder] Running "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)"
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No repository field.
[builder] npm
[builder]
[builder] WARN
[builder] backend@1.0.0 No license field.
[builder]
[builder] audited 64 packages in 1.396s
[builder]
[builder] 12 packages are looking for funding
[builder] run `npm fund` for details
[builder]
[builder] found 0 vulnerabilities
[builder]
[builder] Done "npm install --quiet (NODE_ENV=production)" (2.445691297s)
[builder] === Utils - Label Image (google.utils.label-image@0.0.2) ===
[builder] Timer: Builder ran for 8.089179499s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:17:05Z
===> EXPORTING
[exporter] Timer: Exporter started at 2024-05-10T06:17:06Z
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'google.nodejs.npm:env'
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launch.sbom'
[exporter] Reusing 1/1 app layer(s)
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launcher'
[exporter] Adding layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:config'
[exporter] Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:process-types'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.lifecycle.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.build.metadata'
[exporter] Adding label 'io.buildpacks.project.metadata'
[exporter] Setting default process type 'web'
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... started at 2024-05-10T06:17:09Z
[exporter] *** Images (fade976f3083):
[exporter] skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest
[exporter] Timer: Saving skaffold-buildpacks-node:latest... ran for 2.560804971s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:17:12Z
[exporter] Timer: Exporter ran for 5.639388728s and ended at 2024-05-10T06:17:12Z
[exporter] Timer: Cache started at 2024-05-10T06:17:12Z
[exporter] Reusing cache layer 'google.nodejs.runtime:node'
[exporter] Reusing cache layer 'google.nodejs.npm:npm_modules'
[exporter] Timer: Cache ran for 310.228842ms and ended at 2024-05-10T06:17:12Z
Build [skaffold-buildpacks-node] succeeded
(base) pradeep:~$
Skaffold writes the output of the build to a JSON file, which we’ll pass to our continuous delivery (CD) process in the next step.
Test an image
Skaffold can also run tests against your images before deploying them. Let’s try this out by creating a simple custom test.
- Open your
skaffold.yamland add the following test configuration to the bottom, without any additional indentation:
(base) pradeep:~$cat skaffold.yaml
apiVersion: skaffold/v4beta10
kind: Config
metadata:
name: buildpacks-node-tutorial
build:
artifacts:
- image: skaffold-buildpacks-node
buildpacks:
builder: gcr.io/buildpacks/builder:v1
test:
- image: skaffold-buildpacks-node
custom:
- command: echo This is a custom test commmand!
manifests:
rawYaml:
- k8s/web.yaml
(base) pradeep:~$
Now you have a simple custom test set up that will run a bash command and await a successful response.
Run the following command to execute this test with Skaffold:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold test --build-artifacts build-$STATE.json
Starting test...
Testing images...
Running custom test command: "echo This is a custom test commmand!"
This is a custom test commmand!
Command finished successfully.
(base) pradeep:~$
Use Skaffold for continuous delivery
Let’s learn how Skaffold can handle continuous delivery (CD).
Deploy in a single step
For simple deployments, run skaffold deploy:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold deploy -a build-$STATE.json
Tags used in deployment:
- skaffold-buildpacks-node -> skaffold-buildpacks-node:fade976f308369f72395d2220148e08306681c48b9608071e13d5162233349be
Starting deploy...
- service/web created
- deployment.apps/web created
Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
- deployment/web is ready.
Deployments stabilized in 2.158 seconds
(base) pradeep:~$
Skaffold hydrates your Kubernetes manifest with the image you built and tagged in the previous step, and deploys the application.
Render and apply in separate steps
For GitOps delivery workflows, you may want to decompose your deployments into separate render and apply phases. That way, you can commit your hydrated Kubernetes manifests to source control before they are applied.
Run the following command to render a hydrated manifest:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold render -a build-$STATE.json --output render.yaml --digest-source local
(base) pradeep:~$ls
README.md k8s project.toml render.yaml src
build-0ffd37362.json package.json public skaffold.yaml
(base) pradeep:~$
(base) pradeep:~$cat render.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: web
spec:
ports:
- name: http
port: 3000
selector:
app: web
type: LoadBalancer
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: web
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: web
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: web
spec:
containers:
- image: skaffold-buildpacks-node:fade976f308369f72395d2220148e08306681c48b9608071e13d5162233349be
name: web
ports:
- containerPort: 3000
(base) pradeep:~$
Open skaffold/examples/buildpacks-node-tutorial/render.yaml to check out the hydrated manifest.
Next, run the following command to apply your hydrated manifest:
(base) pradeep:~$skaffold apply render.yaml
Starting deploy...
- service/web configured
- deployment.apps/web configured
Waiting for deployments to stabilize...
- deployment/web is ready.
Deployments stabilized in 2.223 seconds
(base) pradeep:~$
(base) pradeep:~$kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
custom Ready control-plane 39m v1.30.0
(base) pradeep:~$kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
web-8664dfc774-9pngg 1/1 Running 0 21s
(base) pradeep:~$
(base) pradeep:~$kubectl get deploy
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
web 1/1 1 1 3m2s
(base) pradeep:~$kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 39m
web LoadBalancer 10.98.123.96 10.98.123.96 3000:32071/TCP 3m6s
(base) pradeep:~$
You have now successfully deployed your application in two ways.
Congratulations, you successfully deployed with Skaffold!
You have learned how to use Skaffold for continuous development, integration, and delivery.
